{آموزش زبان} simple past vs. present perfect |گذشته ساده و حال کامل

We use the past tense to talk about: something that happened once in the past: I met my wife in 1983. We went to Spain for our holidays. something that happened several times in the past: When I was a boy, I walked a mile to school every day. We swam a lot while we were on holiday. something that was true for some time in the past: I lived abroad for ten years. He enjoyed being a student. 2 کاربردها مهم ترین استفاده های این زمان عبارتند از : الف) بیان عمل یا حالتی که در یک زمان مشخص در گذشته شروع و تمام شده است. She met Sarah three weeks ago. ب) بیان کارهایی که در گذشته یکی پس از دیگری اتفاق می افتد. I got up early in the morning, washed my face, ate breakfast, got dressed, and went to school. My mother heated the oil, cracked the eggs into the pan, cooked them for ج) بیان عملی که در طول مدتی در گذشته شروع و پایان یافته است. Mina lived in Japan for seven years. They studied for their exam all week. د) بیان عادت ها، اعمال و یا واقعیت هایی که در گذشته انجام می شده ولی در حال حاضر آنها را انجام نمی دهیم. درچنین حالتی معمولا از قیود تکراری نظیر always (همیشه)، often (اغلب)، sometimes (معمولاً) و never (هرگز) استفاده می شود. در این حالت می توان از عبارتused to هم استفاده کرد. My father always listened to classical music. John never stayed home at weekends. Alice used to be very shy at work, but now she is extremely outgoing. Present perfect We use the present perfect simple (have or has + past participle) to talk about past actions or states which are still connected to the present. Unfinished time and states We often use the present perfect to say what we've done in an unfinished time period, such as today, this week, this year, etc., and with expressions such as so far, until now, before, etc. They've been on holiday twice this year. I'm sure I've seen that film before. We also use it to talk about life experiences, as our life is also an unfinished time period. We often use never in negative sentences and ever in questions. I've worked for six different companies. He's never won a gold medal. We also use the present perfect to talk about unfinished states, especially with for, since and how long. She's wanted to be a police officer since she was a child. I haven't known him for very long. Finished time and states If we say when something happened, or we feel that that part of our life is finished, we use the past simple. We visited Russia for the first time in 1992. Before she retired, she worked in several different countries. We also use the past simple for finished states. We knew all our neighbors when we were children. Past actions with a result in the present We can use the present perfect to talk about a past action that has a result in the present. He's broken his leg so he can't go on holiday. زمان حال کامل یا Present Perfect در انگلیسی برای بیان اتفاق‌هایی به کار می‌رود که در گذشته اتفاق افتاده ولی آن اتفاق یا تاثیرش تا زمان حال ادامه پیدا کرده است. نزدیک‌ترین معادل برای این زمان در زبان فارسی "ماضی نقلی" است. اما این زمان کاربردهای دیگری هم دارد که در این درس با آنها آشنا می‌شویم. قبل از اینکه به کاربردها بپردازیم باید ساختار این زمان را در نظر بگیریم: ساختار حال کامل زمان حال کامل با شکل حال فعل have به علاوه شکل سوم افعال درست می‌شود. با اضافه کردن ed به انتهای اکثر افعال می‌توان شکل سوم (past participle) ساخت. کاربردهای حال کامل 1. برای صحبت کردن درباره اتفاقی که در گذشته شروع شده و تا زمان حال ادامه یافته است. به مثال‌های زیر توجه کنید: They've been married for nearly fifty years . 2. برای صحبت کردن درباره کاری که در گذشته چندین بار انجام می‌شده و تا زمان حال ادامه پیدا کرده است. به مثال‌های زیر توجه کنید: I've played the guitar ever since I was a teenager . . نکته ما معمولا برای نشان دادن کاری که در گذشته انجام گرفته و تا به حال ادامه پیدا کرده است (یا تاثیر آن تا زمان حال باقی مانده است) از حرف اضافه since استفاده می‌کنیم. They've stayed with us since last week #آموزش_زبان #لینگو_فارم #lingofarm